Locating Gold in Greenstone Belt Zones – Prospectors and Commericial Operations

Contents

1. The Basic Question
2. What We Directly Observe
3. What a Greenstone Belt Is
4. Why Greenstone Belts Are Important for Gold
5. How Gold Forms in Greenstone-Belt Systems
6. Major Greenstone Belts and Gold Terranes in the United States
7. Alaska: Greenstones, Metamorphic Belts, and Gold Terranes
8. Major Greenstone Belts in Canada
9. What Greenstone Belts Mean for Panners and Placer Gold
10. Observation, Interpretation, and Certainty
11. Numbered References

1. The Basic Question

Gold in greenstone belts matters because some of the world’s most productive hard-rock gold districts occur in old metamorphosed volcanic and sedimentary terranes. A greenstone belt is not a single rock layer and not a guarantee of gold. It is usually an elongate belt of metamorphosed volcanic and sedimentary rocks, commonly of Archean or Proterozoic age, preserved among older granite and gneiss bodies. The green color comes from metamorphic minerals such as chlorite, actinolite, epidote, and amphibole in mafic volcanic rocks. For gold geology, the important point is that these belts commonly contain volcanic rocks, sedimentary rocks, iron formation, faults, shear zones, folds, intrusions, and hydrothermal alteration. Those features can create pathways and traps for gold-bearing fluids. [1][2][3]

The careful answer is this: greenstone belts can be highly favorable for gold, but the belt itself does not make ore. A greenstone belt may contain world-class mines, small prospects, barren quartz veins, copper-zinc massive sulfide systems, iron formation, nickel sulfide, graphite, or ordinary metamorphic rock. Gold requires source, fluid movement, structure, chemical traps, precipitation, preservation, and later exposure. For panners, a greenstone belt can matter because erosion of gold-bearing quartz veins, shear zones, or iron-formation-hosted deposits can release placer gold into streams. For commercial miners, greenstone belts matter because they can host large orogenic gold systems with repeated structural control and long exploration histories. The scientific rule remains: greenstone belt is a favorable geologic setting, not proof of gold in any one creek, vein, or claim. [3][4][5]

2. What We Directly Observe

Observation: many greenstone belts consist of metamorphosed mafic to felsic volcanic rocks, associated sedimentary rocks, intrusions, and deformation zones. In the Ishpeming greenstone belt of Michigan, USGS describes Archean rocks metamorphosed to greenschist and amphibolite facies and subjected to multiple deformation events. In the south half of the same belt, USGS describes a thick succession of subaqueous mafic flows, intermediate pyroclastic rocks, and volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks. These observations show that greenstone belts are not simple “green rock.” They are packages of volcanic and sedimentary rocks that have been metamorphosed, folded, faulted, intruded, and altered. [1][6][7]

Observation: gold deposits in metamorphic belts commonly occur in structurally controlled systems. USGS and peer-reviewed orogenic gold literature describe gold-rich deposits in metamorphic belts and explain that orogenic mineral systems can form along dilatant structures during exhumation and dewatering of crustal metamorphic zones. Another peer-reviewed paper describes orogenic gold deposits as complex quartz vein arrays formed by hydrothermal fluid flow along fault zones in active orogenic belts. Interpretation: greenstone-belt gold is commonly tied to structure and hydrothermal fluid flow, not merely to rock color. Certainty is high that many important gold deposits occur in metamorphosed volcanic-sedimentary belts. Certainty is lower when predicting gold in one specific outcrop without local mapping, sampling, assay, and structural evidence. [3][4][8]

3. What a Greenstone Belt Is

A greenstone belt is generally a belt of metamorphosed rocks formed at or near Earth’s surface, especially volcanic rocks and associated sedimentary rocks, later deformed and metamorphosed. Springer’s encyclopedia definition describes greenstone belts as elongate structures composed mainly of metamorphosed supracrustal rocks, meaning volcanic and sedimentary rocks formed at or near Earth’s surface, and notes that they occur with granite and gneiss in Archean and Proterozoic cratons. This definition matters because it separates true greenstone belts from any random green-colored rock. A piece of greenstone in a creek is not the same as a mapped greenstone belt, and a mapped greenstone belt is not automatically an ore deposit. [1]

Most classic greenstone belts formed in very old crustal settings, especially Archean cratons such as Canada’s Superior Province and Slave Province and the Wyoming Province in the United States. But the word is sometimes used more broadly for metamorphosed volcanic-sedimentary belts in younger accreted terranes, especially in Alaska and the Cordillera. That is why this article separates classic Archean greenstone belts from “greenstone-like” or accreted metamorphic belts. The distinction matters for truth. Canada has many classic Archean greenstone belts in old cratons. The conterminous United States has fewer exposed Archean greenstone belts, mostly in the Lake Superior region and Wyoming Province. Alaska has many gold-bearing metamorphic and accreted terranes, but many are not the same kind of Archean craton greenstone belt as Abitibi or Yellowknife. [1][5][9][10]

4. Why Greenstone Belts Are Important for Gold

Greenstone belts are important for gold because they commonly combine several favorable ingredients: mafic volcanic rocks, sedimentary basins, iron formation, major faults, shear zones, intrusions, metamorphic fluids, and long-lived deformation. Orogenic gold systems commonly form when deep fluids move through fractures and faults in metamorphic belts and precipitate quartz, carbonate, sulfides, and gold in veins or altered wall rock. USGS states that metamorphic shear-zone hydrothermal processes can produce orogenic mineral systems, and that orogenic gold is the most economically significant deposit type in that system. That is the direct connection between greenstone-style metamorphic belts and gold. [3]

Gold in greenstone belts is often not evenly spread through the belt. It is usually concentrated along structures, lithologic contacts, fold hinges, shear zones, deformation corridors, iron formations, or altered zones. The Abitibi belt, Red Lake belt, Yellowknife belt, South Pass belt, Homestake district, and many smaller districts all show the importance of structure and host-rock contrast. For panners, this means a greenstone belt may be a good regional clue, but the stream must drain actual mineralized ground and must have traps that concentrated free gold. For commercial operators, it means the real work is finding ore controls, continuity, grade, metallurgy, and recoverability. The greenstone belt is the geologic province; the deposit is the local concentration. [3][4][8]

5. How Gold Forms in Greenstone-Belt Systems

In many greenstone-belt districts, gold is classified as orogenic gold. Orogenic gold deposits are generally associated with metamorphism, deformation, faulting, fluid flow, quartz-carbonate veins, sulfides, and altered wall rocks. Peer-reviewed literature summarized by USGS states that gold-rich deposits can form at different stages of orogen evolution in metamorphic belts, so the same broad belt can contain multiple gold styles that overprint or sit beside one another. A 2022 Scientific Reports paper states that orogenic gold deposits consist of complex quartz vein arrays formed by fluid flow along transcrustal fault zones in active orogenic belts. [4][8]

The practical mechanism is not that greenstone melts and leaks visible liquid gold into a vein. The better explanation is that fluids move through faults, fractures, shear zones, and permeable rocks, carrying dissolved gold under particular chemical conditions. Gold precipitates when pressure, temperature, fluid composition, sulfur activity, wall-rock reaction, or other conditions change. In some belts, gold is associated with pyrite, arsenopyrite, carbonate alteration, quartz veins, iron formation, or graphitic shear zones. In others, gold may occur in disseminated systems or be associated with base-metal deposits. Observation: gold-bearing veins and altered zones can be mapped and sampled. Interpretation: the exact source and path of the gold-bearing fluid are inferred from structural, mineralogical, geochemical, isotopic, and experimental evidence. [3][4][8]

6. Major Greenstone Belts and Gold Terranes in the United States

In the conterminous United States, the best-known classic greenstone-belt or greenstone-granite gold areas include the Lake Superior region, the Wyoming Province, and related Precambrian metamorphic belts. The Lake Superior region includes greenstone belts and subprovinces exposed in northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, and Michigan’s Upper Peninsula. USGS describes the Ishpeming greenstone belt in Marquette County, Michigan, and maps Precambrian rocks of the southern Lake Superior region in Wisconsin and northern Michigan. USGS also reports that greenstone-granite terranes of the Wawa and Wabigoon subprovinces extend into the United States and are favorable for important gold deposits, with structural targets such as the Vermilion fault system in northeastern Minnesota. [6][7][11][12]

Important named U.S. greenstone or greenstone-style gold terranes include the Ishpeming greenstone belt in Michigan, the Marquette greenstone area of Michigan’s Upper Peninsula, the Vermilion district and related greenstone-granite rocks of northern Minnesota, the South Pass greenstone belt in Wyoming, and the broader Wyoming Province Archean greenstone-granite terranes. USGS states that the Wyoming Province consists of Archean granite-gneiss with interspersed greenstone belts and related supracrustal terranes exposed in several Laramide uplifts, and that resources include gold, platinum-group elements, tungsten, copper, nickel, and other commodities. USGS and Wyoming mapping sources describe the South Pass greenstone belt as a significant lode and placer gold district. [9][13][14]

The Black Hills of South Dakota should be included carefully. Homestake is not usually described as a classic Archean greenstone belt like Abitibi or South Pass. It is an Early Proterozoic iron-formation-hosted gold deposit in a Precambrian metamorphic terrane. USGS describes Homestake as the largest iron-formation-hosted gold deposit known and reports production of 1,101 metric tons of gold in its Bulletin 1857 chapter. It belongs in an article on greenstone-related and metamorphic gold terranes because it shows how old volcanic-sedimentary and iron-rich metamorphic rocks can host major gold, but it should not be mislabeled as a simple greenstone-belt deposit. [15]

Other U.S. areas sometimes described as greenstone-like or metavolcanic-metasedimentary terranes include the Pecos greenstone belt of New Mexico and small Precambrian metavolcanic belts in Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico. The Pecos greenstone belt has been described in New Mexico Geological Society literature as a Proterozoic volcano-sedimentary terrane analogous in some ways to Archean greenstone belts of the Canadian Shield, with metamorphosed subaqueous basalts, felsic metavolcanic rocks, iron formation, and metasedimentary rocks. These areas are geologically important, but the major U.S. greenstone-belt gold examples remain the Lake Superior region, South Pass/Wyoming Province, and related Precambrian metamorphic gold terranes. [16]

7. Alaska: Greenstones, Metamorphic Belts, and Gold Terranes

Alaska must be treated differently from the Canadian Shield. Alaska has major gold production from metamorphic and accreted terranes, but many Alaskan gold belts are not classic Archean granite-greenstone belts. USGS states that mesothermal gold-bearing quartz veins are widespread in allochthonous terranes of Alaska composed dominantly of greenschist-facies metasedimentary rocks, with the most productive lode deposits concentrated in south-central and southeastern Alaska, and small generally nonproductive gold-bearing veins occurring upstream from major placer deposits in interior and northern Alaska. That means Alaska’s gold systems commonly belong to metamorphic, accreted, and fault-controlled terranes rather than simple craton-style greenstone belts. [17]

Named Alaskan gold-bearing metamorphic or greenstone-style terranes and belts include the Juneau gold belt of southeastern Alaska, the Chugach and Prince William terranes of south-central Alaska, parts of the Yukon-Tanana region, the Nome and Seward Peninsula metamorphic terranes, the Ambler district metavolcanic-sedimentary belt, and Wrangellia-related greenstone or basaltic terranes where relevant to mineral systems. USGS and Alaska literature report that about 30 million ounces of gold have been recovered from metamorphosed terranes in Alaska, and older USGS work on Alaska’s metamorphic belts describes widespread gold-quartz veins in districts such as Fairbanks, Willow Creek, and Juneau. The safe wording is this: Alaska contains many greenstone-bearing and greenschist-facies metamorphic gold terranes, but they should not all be grouped as classic Archean greenstone belts. [10][17][18]

For panners, this distinction matters because Alaska placers may be sourced from metamorphic quartz veins, fault zones, mineralized schists, old beach deposits, glacially reworked deposits, or other sources. A creek in Alaska may produce gold because it drains a mineralized metamorphic terrane, not because it sits in an Abitibi-style Archean greenstone belt. Nome, Fairbanks, Juneau, Willow Creek, and the Turnagain Arm-Hope region each require their own local geology. Commercial operators face the same issue. Alaska can contain major placer and lode gold systems, but every drainage still requires sampling, source interpretation, grade testing, access evaluation, permitting, and cost analysis. [17][18][19]

8. Major Greenstone Belts in Canada

Canada contains some of the most important greenstone belts on Earth, especially in the Superior Province. The Abitibi greenstone belt of Ontario and Québec is the best-known example. Ontario Geological Survey material states that the Abitibi greenstone belt has produced over 300 million ounces of gold and is the world’s most endowed Precambrian greenstone belt. The Abitibi includes major gold camps such as Timmins, Kirkland Lake, Val-d’Or, Rouyn-Noranda, Malartic, and Detour Lake. It also contains volcanic, sedimentary, intrusive, structural, and alteration systems that have been studied for decades. [20][21]

Other major Canadian Superior Province greenstone belts and gold districts include the Red Lake greenstone belt, the Birch-Uchi and Uchi belts, the Rice Lake belt of Manitoba, the Wabigoon subprovince belts, the Wawa subprovince belts, the Michipicoten and Mishibishu greenstone belts in the Wawa region, the Hemlo area, the Shebandowan belt, the Beardmore-Geraldton belt, and the Pickle Lake and Meen-Dempster areas. Geological Survey of Canada and provincial sources document Red Lake mapping, Rice Lake gold deposits, Wabigoon and Wawa structural models, and Wawa-region orogenic and intrusion-related gold systems. These belts are not identical, but they share a broad setting of old volcanic-sedimentary rocks, deformation, metamorphism, and gold-bearing structures. [12][20][22][23][24]

Canada’s Slave Province includes the Yellowknife greenstone belt in the Northwest Territories and other Archean belts that host gold deposits. Government of Canada publication records describe “Gold in the Yellowknife Greenstone Belt” as a research volume from the EXTECH III multidisciplinary project designed to document the belt’s geology and improve gold exploration. The Yellowknife belt includes the historic Giant and Con gold mine area and is one of the major northern Canadian greenstone-belt gold examples. Other Slave Province gold belts and districts include Hope Bay, Back River, Courageous Lake, and related Archean supracrustal belts, though not all are discussed in the same depth in public summary sources. [25]

Canada also has important Proterozoic and Paleoproterozoic greenstone or volcanic-sedimentary belts outside the Superior and Slave provinces. The Flin Flon–Snow Lake belt on the Manitoba-Saskatchewan boundary is famous for volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits and also has gold occurrences and gold-bearing systems. The La Ronge, Lynn Lake, and Glennie–Flin Flon belts in Saskatchewan and Manitoba belong to the broader Trans-Hudson orogen. These are not all classic Archean gold belts like Abitibi, but they are important Canadian greenstone and volcanic-sedimentary mineral belts. For a gold article, they should be described as significant greenstone or greenstone-style mineral belts, not all as equally gold-endowed. [26][27]

Canada also includes smaller or less gold-dominant greenstone belts such as the Nuvvuagittuq supracrustal belt in Québec, the Temagami greenstone belt in Ontario, the Rankin Inlet belt in Nunavut, the Committee Bay belt in Nunavut, and additional belts in the Rae, Hearne, and Churchill provinces. Some are important for early Earth research, some for base metals or nickel, and some for gold exploration. The truthful conclusion is that Canada has many named greenstone belts, but the major gold-endowed belts for this article are Abitibi, Red Lake, Uchi/Birch-Uchi/Rice Lake, Wawa/Michipicoten/Mishibishu, Wabigoon-related belts, Yellowknife, and selected Trans-Hudson belts such as Flin Flon–Snow Lake, La Ronge, Lynn Lake, and related districts. [20][21][22][25][26][27]

9. What Greenstone Belts Mean for Panners and Placer Gold

Greenstone belts matter to panners because they can be upstream sources of placer gold. USGS describes placer deposits as forming when gold is released from lode deposits by weathering, transported, and concentrated mainly in stream gravels. If a greenstone belt contains gold-bearing quartz veins, shear zones, iron formations, or sulfide-associated gold, erosion can release particles into modern drainages. But not every greenstone-belt gold system produces easy panning gold. Some gold is microscopic, locked in sulfides, or too fine to recover with simple gravity methods. [5][7][19]

A panner should use greenstone belts as regional context, not as proof. Better panning clues include documented gold mines or prospects upstream, gold-bearing quartz veins, mineralized shear zones, iron formations, old placer workings, heavy-mineral traps, repeated pan colors from the same gravel layer, and known gold districts. A creek draining greenstone with no mineralized source may be barren. A creek draining a small but coarse free-gold vein may be productive. A major greenstone-belt lode mine may not produce much panning gold if the ore is deep, fine-grained, or locked in sulfides. The panner’s rule should be: greenstone belts tell you where gold systems are possible; sampling tells you whether gold is actually present and recoverable. [5][19]

For commercial placer miners, the standard is much higher. A greenstone belt may explain why a region has gold, but a commercial placer operation needs measurable grade, recoverable particle size, continuous pay, mineable volume, water, access, permitting, recovery testing, and cost control. A greenstone belt can feed a placer, but the placer deposit is a separate sedimentary concentration. Gold atoms, gold-bearing bedrock, released particles, placer concentration, and economic ore must remain separate concepts. This article’s practical conclusion is that greenstone belts are among the best regional settings to understand gold, but they are not shortcuts around sampling and geology. [3][5][19]

10. Observation, Interpretation, and Certainty

Observation: greenstone belts are metamorphosed volcanic-sedimentary terranes, commonly Archean or Proterozoic, that occur with granite and gneiss in old crustal provinces. Observation: many major gold districts occur in greenstone belts or related metamorphic terranes. Observation: the Abitibi belt is one of the world’s greatest greenstone-belt gold provinces, and Canada contains numerous major greenstone belts in the Superior, Slave, and Trans-Hudson regions. Observation: the United States contains important greenstone or greenstone-style gold terranes in the Lake Superior region, South Pass/Wyoming Province, parts of the Black Hills Precambrian metamorphic terrane, and several smaller Proterozoic metavolcanic belts. Observation: Alaska contains major gold-bearing metamorphic and accreted terranes, but many are not classic Archean craton greenstone belts. [1][3][6][9][12][17][20]

Interpretation: greenstone belts are favorable for gold because they commonly provide volcanic-sedimentary packages, major structures, metamorphic fluids, chemical traps, iron formation, sulfides, and long-lived deformation. Hypothesis enters when geologists infer the exact source of the gold, the timing of mineralization, the pressure-temperature path of fluids, or the reason one shear zone became ore while a nearby zone remained barren. Certainty is high that greenstone belts are globally important gold settings. Certainty is lower when applying that general rule to one creek, ridge, quartz vein, or claim. The safe statement is this: greenstone belts are among the most important regional hosts for gold, but only local evidence can prove a deposit, a placer, or an economic mine. [3][4][5][8]

Related Reading

The Complete Guide to Gold Geology and Gold Deposit Types
https://bigrivergold.com/the-complete-guide-to-gold-geology-and-gold-deposit-types/

Why Gold Forms, Moves, and Concentrates
https://bigrivergold.com/why-gold-forms-moves-and-concentrates/

The Complete Guide to Gold Prospecting Clues: Minerals, Alteration, Veins, and Host Rocks
https://bigrivergold.com/the-complete-guide-to-gold-prospecting/

11. Numbered References

[1] Springer Nature. Arndt, N. “Greenstone Belt.” Encyclopedia of Astrobiology. https://link.springer.com/rwe/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_676-5

[2] U.S. Geological Survey. Johnson, R. C., and Bornhorst, T. J. “Archean Geology of the Northern Block of the Ishpeming Greenstone Belt, Marquette County, Michigan.” USGS Bulletin 1904-F. https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/b1904F

[3] U.S. Geological Survey. Taylor, R. D., and others. “Critical Minerals in Orogenic Gold and Coeur d’Alene-Type Mineral Systems.” Data Report 1198. https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/dr1198/full

[4] U.S. Geological Survey. Groves, D. I., Goldfarb, R. J., Robert, F., and Hart, C. J. R. “Gold Deposits in Metamorphic Belts.” Economic Geology, 2003. https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70026159

[5] U.S. Geological Survey. Yeend, W. “Gold in Placer Deposits.” USGS Bulletin 1857-G. https://www.usgs.gov/publications/gold-placer-deposits

[6] U.S. Geological Survey. Bornhorst, T. J., and others. “Geology of Volcanic Rocks in the South Half of the Ishpeming Greenstone Belt, Marquette County, Michigan.” USGS Bulletin 1904-P. https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1904p/report.pdf

[7] U.S. Geological Survey. Jones, R. S. “Gold in Minerals and the Composition of Native Gold.” USGS Circular 612. https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/cir612

[8] Nassif, M. T., and others. “Formation of Orogenic Gold Deposits by Progressive Movement of a Fault-Fracture Mesh Through the Upper Crustal Brittle-Ductile Transition Zone.” Scientific Reports, 2022. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9576763/

[9] U.S. Geological Survey. Hausel, W. D. “Preliminary Report on the Geology and Gold Mineralization of the South Pass Granite-Greenstone Terrain, Wind River Mountains, Western Wyoming.” https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19860013636

[10] U.S. Geological Survey. Pavlis, T. L., and Sisson, V. B. “Distribution and Characteristics of Metamorphic Belts in the South and Eastern Alaska.” https://www.usgs.gov/publications/distribution-and-characteristics-metamorphic-belts-south-eastern-alaska-part-north

[11] U.S. Geological Survey. Sims, P. K. “Geologic Map of Precambrian Rocks, Southern Lake Superior Region, Wisconsin and Northern Michigan.” USGS I-2185. https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/i2185

[12] U.S. Geological Survey. Sims, P. K. “A Regional Structural Model for Gold Mineralization in the Southern Part of the Archean Superior Province, United States.” USGS Bulletin 1904-M. https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1904m/report.pdf

[13] U.S. Geological Survey. Hausel, W. D. “Geology and Mineralization of the Wyoming Province.” https://www.usgs.gov/publications/geology-and-mineralization-wyoming-province

[14] Wyoming State Geological Survey. “South Pass 1:100,000 Scale Geologic Map.” https://www.wsgs.wyo.gov/products/wsgs-2006-ms-70.pdf

[15] U.S. Geological Survey. Caddey, S. W., and others. “The Homestake Gold Mine, an Early Proterozoic Iron-Formation-Hosted Gold Deposit, Lawrence County, South Dakota.” USGS Bulletin 1857-J. https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/b1857J

[16] New Mexico Geological Society. Robertson, J. M. “The Pecos Greenstone Belt—A Proterozoic Volcano-Sedimentary Terrane.” https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/downloads/30/30_p0165_p0173.pdf

[17] U.S. Geological Survey. Goldfarb, R. J., and others. “Orogenesis, High-T Thermal Events, and Gold Vein Formation Within Metamorphic Rocks of the Alaskan Cordillera.” https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70017985

[18] Goldfarb, R. J., and others. “Gold Deposits in Metamorphic Rocks of Alaska.” https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/edited-volume/chapter-pdf/3807296/9781629490045_ch06.pdf

[19] U.S. Geological Survey. Cobb, E. H. “Placer Deposits of Alaska.” USGS Bulletin 1374. https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1374/report.pdf

[20] Ontario Geological Survey. “Discovering the Abitibi Gold Belt: A Geological Guidebook.” Open File Report 6392. https://www.geologyontario.mines.gov.on.ca/persistent-linking?publication=OFR6392

[21] Dubé, B., and Mercier-Langevin, P. “Gold Deposits of the Archean Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Canada.” Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication chapter. https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/7WGYxED7/

[22] Geological Survey of Canada. “Geology, Red Lake Greenstone Belt, Western Superior Province, Ontario.” Open File map record. https://osdp-psdo.canada.ca/dp/en/search/metadata/NRCAN-GEOSCAN-1-215568

[23] Manitoba Geological Survey. Zhou, X., and others. “Stratigraphic and Structural Setting of Gold Deposits in the Rice Lake Greenstone Belt, Southeastern Manitoba.” https://manitoba.ca/iem/geo/field/roa13pdfs/GS-5.pdf

[24] Ontario Geological Survey. Ma, C., and others. “Orogenic and Intrusion-Related Gold Deposits of the Michipicoten and Mishibishu Greenstone Belts in the Wawa Region.” https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375450091_Orogenic_and_Intrusion-Related_Gold_Deposits_of_the_Michipicoten_and_Mishibishu_Greenstone_Belts_in_the_Wawa_Region_with_an_Emphasis_on_their_Structural_Timing_and_Setting_A_Geological_Guidebook

[25] Government of Canada Publications. “Gold in the Yellowknife Greenstone Belt, Northwest Territories: Results of the EXTECH III Multidisciplinary Research Project.” https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/298593/publication.html

[26] Manitoba Geological Survey. “Flin Flon–Snow Lake Greenstone Belt / Trans-Hudson Orogen Regional Geology.” https://manitoba.ca/iem/geo/field/roa13pdfs/GS-5.pdf

[27] U.S. Geological Survey. Sims, P. K. “Precambrian Basement Map of the Trans-Hudson Orogen and Adjacent Terranes.” https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2214/report.pdf